Hardware & Software System

EXTRINSIC MATERIALS- n- AND p- TYPE The characteristics of semiconductor materials can be altered significantly by the addition of certain impurity atoms into the relatively pure semiconductor material. These impurities, although only added to perhaps 1 part to  million, can alter the band structure sufficiently to totally charge the electrical properties of the material.         A semiconductor material that has been subjected to the doping process is called an extrinsic material.        There are two extrinsic materials of immeasurable importance to semiconductor device fabrication: n-type and p-type. n-Type Material The n-type is created by introducing those impurity elements that have five valence electrons, such as antimony,arsenic,and phosphorus.Note that the four co-valent bonds are still present.There is, however, an additional fifth electron due to the impurity atom, which is unassociated with any particular covale...